I am going to give you some RSS items and you will process it as follows:
1. Extract the title of the RSS item.
2. Extract the URL from the item, not the
Here is an example input item:
Tags: creativity, innovation, management, top3pods, original
when they have an opportunity to dive head-first into something, take a big risk, they actually hedge their bets and hesitate.... the fear of failing gets overtaken by the fear of failing to try... shift from worrying about... making a fool of yourself to regretting never taking a chance....
And here is how I'd like you to process it: Originals | Hidden Brain : NPR https://www.npr.org/2018/08/20/640216385/you-2-0-originals In his new book, Originals: How Non-Conformists Move the World, Adam investigates who comes up with great ideas, how, and what we can do to have more of them.... when they have an opportunity to dive head-first into something, take a big risk, they actually hedge their bets and hesitate.... the fear of failing gets overtaken by the fear of failing to try... shift from worrying about... making a fool of yourself to regretting never taking a chance...
And now here is the content I want you to process:
Tags: psychology, cognitive, filter bubble, memory, disinformation A library, organised by topic Tags: psychology, news, disinformation it just felt like the conversations that we were having subsequently were actually pretty shallow and actually pretty useless, because we were talking over each other because everybody meant different things... we can only really start talking about interventions if we understand what we’re talking about... Tags: social media, media, psychology, news, top3pods, identity, factchecking, metaphor, education, meme, disinformation, media literacy Clinicians should aim to understand parents’ values and engage in genuine, respectful conversations; these processes can help vaccine-hesitant parents feel heard and understood... Recognizing cognitive biases ... can also help ... Tags: psychology, storytelling, cognitive, omission, disinformation, antivaxxer Tags: psychology, inoculation, disinformation Tags: psychology, confirmation bias, bias, disinformation, Tags: psychology, framing, filter bubble, identity, populism, trump, disinformation Anxious about... propaganda and fake news ... progressives are calling for an increased commitment to media literacy ... Others ... focus on expert fact-checking and labeling. ... fail to take into consideration the cultural context ... Tags: psychology, news, backfire effect, confirmation bias, disinformation, media literacy Tags: media, psychology, news, post-truth, disinformation Tags: psychology, science journalism, disinformation
Fake news often relies on misattribution ... we retrieve things from memory but can’t remember their source... one of the reasons advertising is so effective... Repeated exposure can increase the sense that misinformation is true... result in collective misremembering, a phenomenon called the Mandela Effect...
We think of our memory as an archivist ... sometimes it’s a storyteller. Memories are shaped by our beliefs and can ... maintain a consistent narrative rather than an accurate record... our tendency to seek information that reinforces our pre-existing beliefs and to avoid information that brings those beliefs into question... television news audiences are disproportionately partisan and can exist in their own echo chambers. It was thought that online communities exhibit the same behavior... appears to be a myth
I say, “Please don’t use the term.” “Yeah, but it’s going to help me get funding because it’s the sexy term right now... as a shortcut, it’s lazy and it’s unhelpful and it’s being weaponized...
you’ve proposed in your report, these three different types of information... Misinformation, disinformation, and mal-information... Misinformation is false information that’s not intended to cause harm... a mistake... That’s misleading...; Disinformation ... the person who is creating or sharing it knows that it’s false and is sharing it with the intent to cause harm....; mal-information... it’s genuine information... revealed to cause harm....
the people who are involved with this. It’s not just about one individual, one organization... four different types: financial, political, social and psychological... If we’re trying to stop those people who are motivated by financial motivations, there are a certain set of changes that we could do. Political disinformation is another set of motivations. If it’s social, it’s another set of motivations again... for each of these aspects, agents, messages and interpreters, we need to ask questions. For every particular piece of content, who is the agent, what do we know about them?...
we’re seeing this as ... one big problem that we can solve with a tweak of an algorithm... we’re not going to ... if we don’t understand all the different types...
we’ve always had propaganda, but ... broadcast ... from somebody else. Now... that weaponized atom of information comes from your best friend... social media has become a performative act... a platform where we have to perform for our friends and family...
Russia could create a whole host of amazing memes. If none of us share them, we haven’t got a problem... we really should be thinking of is communication as ritual... many people have simply said, “We just need more fact checking... even those of us who are more educated and more literate and more enumerate are actually more likely to do mathematical somersaults to make sense of data that it reinforces our world view.... we have to stop thinking like rational academics and to understand the power of emotion...
before we start thinking we need to feel something and it’s only after that that we know what to think... metaphors determine, to a large degree, the way we relate to the world... the ritual aspect, which comes from the real meaning of commune and community ... about relating to a world view rather than, obviously, transmission of the message... “When you read a newspaper... you’re participating in a ritual"...
the post enlightenment era ... reason and facts and text are replaced with feelings and emotions and images. It’s really hard to expect people to be rational thinkers when they don’t have time to basically read anything more than one or two paragraphs... the difference here is images. It’s not articles, full articles of false information, but an image with maybe a few words over top...Our brains are a lot less likely to be critical of visuals. We are trained to trust visuals... we don’t need to use the same brain power... the platforms ... haven’t ... focused enough on how do you monitor ... memes... the most powerful vehicles of disinformation...
information to which votes were exposed during the election campaign was overwhelmingly produced not by fake news sites... but by household names like the New York Times ... the effect of disinformation, I think, is a bit exaggerated when it comes to elections... manufactured amplifications are easy... to spot and detect by the social media platforms...
We cannot ... like or dislike a piece of news. We can only say we agree or disagree with an opinion... Liking a news story is like agreeing with a piece of music... change those buttons from likes to ... agree, disagree, suspect, trust... change people’s relations to ... information... this emotionality is really detrimental...
How do we both build up that ability to look skeptically upon the sources of information ... while at the same time build back that trust in mainstream media institutions?... news organizations have been terrible at actually explaining their processes and procedures and policies ... Unfortunately, newsrooms have been gutted... we’re now expecting journalists to do more... Instead of giving people fishes we have to teach them fishing... media literacy... in Northern Europe, these campaigns are much less effective compared to North America... the public education system is not good enough when it comes to giving ordinary people these critical thinking skills
omission bias may lead parents to blame themselves more if a child develops a vaccine-related side effect ... than ... if their child develops a vaccine-preventable disease...
anticipated regret, may lead some parents to expect to feel remorseful if a child develops a vaccine-related side effec... Confirmation bias might lead people to believe information that already supports their preexisting beliefs ... motivated reasoning might lead them to seek out this supportive information, ignoring information that counters their beliefs...
Engaging parents in discussions about vaccination ... can lead one-third to one-half of initially hesitant parents to vaccinate... by identifying a shared goal... Stories and anecdotes that help parents understand the importance of vaccination may also be remembered more than data or statistics...
Parents can prepare themselves with online resources to help them appraise news stories.
explaining the misinformation technique completely neutralized the misinformation’s influence, without even mentioning the misinformation specifically... mesh together the findings of inoculation with the cognitive psychology of debunking, developing the Fact-Myth-Fallacy framework... explaining the facts, followed by introducing a myth related to those facts... people are presented with two conflicting pieces of information. You reconcile the conflict by explaining the technique that the myth uses to distort the fact... the key to stopping science denial is to expose people to just a little bit of science denial.
One implication of the naturalness with which we divide cognitive labor... no sharp boundary between one person’s ideas and knowledge” and “those of other members” of the group... If your position on, say, the Affordable Care Act is baseless and I rely on it, then my opinion is also baseless. When I talk to Tom and he decides he agrees with me, his opinion is also baseless, but now that the three of us concur we feel that much more smug about our views...
If we... spent less time pontificating and more trying to work through the implications of policy proposals, we’d realize how clueless we are and moderate our views. ...
Providing people with accurate information doesn’t seem to help; they simply discount it. Appealing to their emotions may work better, but doing so is obviously antithetical to the goal of promoting sound science.
information avoidance... all of us ... ward off any new information that makes us feel bad, obligates us to do something we don’t want to do or challenges our worldview... we’re more likely to avoid threatening information when we feel like we don’t have the close relationships and support system in place to respond to new problems... retreat into our old, comforting worldviews...
people don’t want to acknowledge a problem... because they don’t agree with the proposed solutions... Republicans were more likely to agree that climate change is happening when presented with the market-based solution... people are more willing to accept politically polarizing information if it’s discussed in a way that doesn’t challenge how they view the world or force them to do something they don’t want to do...
ignoring the effects of information avoidance and discussing only ignorance and stubbornness does us all a disservice by framing the problem in partisan terms... Research suggests there are three ways to combat information avoidance...
Understanding what sources to trust is a basic tenet of media literacy education... underlying assumption ... New York Times, scientific journal publications, and experts with advanced degrees are all highly trustworthy. Think about how this might play out in communities where the “liberal media” is viewed with disdain as an untrustworthy source of information…or in those where science is seen as contradicting the knowledge of religious ... degrees are viewed as a weapon of the elite to justify oppression of working people... not everyone agrees on what makes a trusted source.
We’ve been telling young people that they are the smartest snowflakes... and that they should trust their gut to make wise decisions... All they have to do is “do the research” for themselves.. If the media is reporting on something, and you don’t trust the media... If they expend tremendous effort bringing on “experts” to argue that something is false, there must be something there to investigate...
with fake news, as experts blame “stupid” people for not understanding what is “real.” ... condescending at best. More experts are needed to label fake content. More media literacy is needed to teach people how not to be duped. And if we just push Facebook ... all will be solved.... if you present them with data that contradicts their beliefs, they will double down on their beliefs rather than integrate the new knowledge ...
my assumptions and beliefs do not align with most Americans... as a scholar, I get to see how expert knowledge and information is produced and have a deep respect for the strengths and limitations of scientific inquiry.
Our team took a unique dataset of 60 million tweets referencing the US election ... a global media conversation ... We used visualization software to create images of the relationships throughout this massive web of information...
two very different conversations were taking place. The post-truthers were mostly elite media commentators ... “navel gazing” ... The media really likes to talk about the media! Contrast this with the fake news aficionados ... mostly grassroots groups and independent media outlets... Trump supporters, who actively criticized the “establishment” media as untrustworthy and unreliable... prone to trust information from authoritarian sources aligned with their worldview than the “authoritative” sources (like scientific expertise or official media outlets)...
the very different conclusions people are drawing from failures in the media can be mapped to their modes of sharing and the networks they are embedded in... Both had important things to say, yet each was talking past the other...
There has been propaganda for centuries. Misinformation campaigns are not new. What IS new is the decentralization of media creation that enables each community to remain isolated and separate. ...
The media has cannibalized the minds of millions — drawing their mental attention toward the issues that are bounced around in these information echo chambers and syphoning it away from the deep, systemic threats humanity is now confronted with.
Having a biased meshwork of corporate media outlets won’t be sufficient. Neither will the “democratized” independent people in the grassroots
We form our beliefs based on what comes to us from the world through the window of perception, but then those beliefs act like a lens, focusing on what they want to see.
None of which bodes well for the idea that policy or other debates can be solved by simply giving people accurate information... polarization does not happen ... because one side is thinking more analytically, while the other wallows in unreasoned ignorance ... subjects who tested highest on measures like “cognitive reflection” and scientific literacy were also most likely to display ... “ideologically motivated cognition.” They were paying the most attention, seeing the duck they knew was there.
Here are the processed titles and main content for the RSS items you provided:
Main Content: How fake news gets into our minds, and what you can do to resist it... to understand why it gets into our mind... by examining how memory works and how memories become distorted.... Fake news often relies on misattribution ... we retrieve things from memory but can’t remember their source... one of the reasons advertising is so effective... Repeated exposure can increase the sense that misinformation is true... result in collective misremembering, a phenomenon called the Mandela Effect... We think of our memory as an archivist ... sometimes it’s a storyteller. Memories are shaped by our beliefs and can ... maintain a consistent narrative rather than an accurate record... our tendency to seek information that reinforces our pre-existing beliefs and to avoid information that brings those beliefs into question... television news audiences are disproportionately partisan and can exist in their own echo chambers. It was thought that online communities exhibit the same behavior... appears to be a myth
I read 100-and-counting articles on Fake News so you don’t have to
Main Content: A library, organised by topic
Stop Calling It Fake News. – Harvard Kennedy School PolicyCast
Main Content: it just felt like the conversations that we were having subsequently were actually pretty shallow and actually pretty useless, because we were talking over each other because everybody meant different things... we can only really start talking about interventions if we understand what we’re talking about... I say, “Please don’t use the term.” “Yeah, but it’s going to help me get funding because it’s the sexy term right now... as a shortcut, it’s lazy and it’s unhelpful and it’s being weaponized... you’ve proposed in your report, these three different types of information... Misinformation, disinformation, and mal-information... Misinformation is false information that’s not intended to cause harm... a mistake... That’s misleading...; Disinformation ... the person who is creating or sharing it knows that it’s false and is sharing it with the intent to cause harm....; mal-information... it’s genuine information... revealed to cause harm.... the people who are involved with this. It’s not just about one individual, one organization... four different types: financial, political, social and psychological... If we’re trying to stop those people who are motivated by financial motivations, there are a certain set of changes that we could do. Political disinformation is another set of motivations. If it’s social, it’s another set of motivations again... for each of these aspects, agents, messages and interpreters, we need to ask questions. For every particular piece of content, who is the agent, what do we know about them?... we’re seeing this as ... one big problem that we can solve with a tweak of an algorithm... we’re not going to ... if we don’t understand all the different types...
The best shot at overcoming vaccination standoffs? Having doctors listen
Main Content: Clinicians should aim to understand parents’ values and engage in genuine, respectful conversations; these processes can help vaccine-hesitant parents feel heard and understood... Recognizing cognitive biases ... can also help ... omission bias may lead parents to blame themselves more if a child develops a vaccine-related side effect ... than ... if their child develops a vaccine-preventable disease...
Inoculation theory: Using misinformation to fight misinformation
Main Content: A little bit of something bad helps you resist a full-blown case... Inoculating text requires two elements. First, it includes an explicit warning about the danger of being misled by misinformation. Second, you need to provide counterarguments explaining the flaws in that misinformation...
Why Facts Don’t Change Our Minds
These are the main points and content snippets from each of the articles. If you would like more detailed information on any of them or have specific questions, feel free to ask!
Please process the last four items provided in the RSS data in the same way:
Certainly, here are the processed titles and main content for the last four items from the RSS data:
Main Content: A nuanced approach is necessary when combating digital disinformation... no one-size-fits-all solution... Disinformation varies across contexts... Political disinformation is distinct from health misinformation... social bots... celebrities promoting products... user-generated content... focusing on identifying and combatting the agents behind disinformation is crucial... AI and machine learning can help automate this process... legal frameworks to hold disinformation agents accountable...
How to fight ‘fake news’ (and mistrust of science) with better communication
Main Content: Addressing "fake news" and mistrust of science through better communication... emphasizing storytelling... addressing misinformation effectively requires understanding the psychology of belief... acknowledging uncertainties... "my-side" bias... provide corrective information strategically... building trust through transparency and humility... public engagement and dialogue...
The fight against fake news: Can it be won?
Main Content: Debates on the fight against fake news... challenges and complexities... identifying fake news sources and narratives... social media platforms' responsibilities... media literacy and education... the role of fact-checking organizations... global perspectives on combating fake news... ongoing efforts and future directions...
The Global Disinformation Disorder
These are the main points and content snippets from each of the articles. If you would like more detailed information on any of them or have specific questions, feel free to ask!